What does the term "programming" refer to in architectural practice?

In architectural practice, "programming" specifically refers to the phase that involves identifying and documenting the project needs and requirements. This stage is essential in the early phases of a project and focuses on understanding the client's objectives, the functional needs of the space, and the overall goals of the project. It sets the foundation for design decisions, ensuring that the subsequent phases align with what the client envisions and requires.

During programming, architects gather information through interviews, surveys, and discussions with stakeholders. This process helps in determining space requirements, how different areas will interact, and what specific functions the spaces need to serve. Ultimately, effective programming leads to a more coherent design that meets the needs of users while staying within constraints like budget and site limitations.

As for the other options, they relate to different aspects of architectural practice but do not accurately capture the essence of programming. Constructing a building pertains to the execution phase, costing refers to the quantitative aspect of project management, and the final review stage focuses on completing the project rather than the essential identification of requirements at the outset.